The EU WEEE Directive is one of the new waste management policies. It sets numerical targets for recycling and obliges the producers of WEEE to finance recycling costs. Earlier, in April 2001, Japan enforced its WEEE Recycling Act, and the experiences of the first five years should serve as a useful reference for policymakers and stakeholders in other countries as well as in Japan. Its annex states that Japan must consider revising the Recycling Act in 2006, and there has been much discussion on the revision. (Session A3: Impact of regulations and legislations)

From FY1983 to FY1990, the amount of municipal waste generated in Japan increased rapidly. As a result, The waste Management Law was revised in 1991 to add measures for both waste reduction and to reinforce the responsibility of stakeholders. Like municipal waste, the amount of industrial waste generated increased rapidly until FY1990. Since then, it has seen no major fluctuations, hovering around the 400 million ton level per year. Having experienced wasterelated crises, Japan has reinforced its policy measures toward tacking waste issues. As it proceeds in this direction, Japan has developed a policy to strengthen its “3R” (recycle, reduce and reuse) framework over the past dozen years. (Session A9: Waste recycling (I))

Waste Management in England takes a two-tier approach. Waste Collection Authorities (WCAs) are responsible for providing day-to-day collections of household wastes. At agreed locations, called Transfer Stations, Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs) take control of the wastes and arrange for disposal. Some urban areas of England are governed by Unitary Authorities, which are responsible for both the collection and disposal of the waste generated within their boundaries. This two-tier system has resulted in there being two standard options provided by authorities for disposing of household bulky waste, which includes furniture, electrical appliances and other large and heavy items not accepted on regular refuse or recycling collections (e.g. carpets, bicycles, household construction wastes). (Session A10: Waste recycling (II))

Recycling of spent nickel-metal hydride batteries is categorized one of the public service tasks of the human communities. This is to comply with the constraints raised by the Law and related legislations assigned for the environment protection against hazardous wastes. The world demand of metals is progressively increasing meanwhile primary resources are depleting. Recovery of metals of concern from secondary resources would partly satisfy such world demand. Conventional rechargeable batteries often fail the needs of consumers and equipment designers in terms of their size and weight, operating time of-use, availability and environmental acceptability. Lupe, C., and Pilone D. 2002 showed that a type of sealed nickel-metal hydride battery is one offering significant improvements over conventional rechargeable batteries.

The European “Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment [WEEE]” provides that WEEE should be collected separately in all member states.

Although the annual production of tin is quite low and just amounts to about 330,000 tons the fields of application for tin are strongly diversified.

The atomization of molten materials using hot gases has advantages in comparison to the conventional gas atomization techniques. Some of these advantages favour the hot gas technology for the powder production for thermal spraying. Firstly, a considerably higher output of fine powder, in particular within the important particle size range between 5 and 30 µm, is a result of hot (inert) gas atomization. The reasons are the strongly increased gas exit velocity and the higher overall temperatures inside the interaction zone of the gas and the melt droplets.

The mass balances in a selected Chilean cement production facility indicate that the use of contaminated volcanic soil as an alternative raw material can be an interesting alternative for the management of these materials. 

About 20 million tons [Mg] of different types of industrial wastes are accumulated annually in Bulgaria (fly ash and residue gypsum from flue gas desulfurisation units of thermal power plants (TPPs), phosphogypsum from chemical industry, lime ash and slag from metallurgy, etc.).

The Part 3 of EN 1591 planned by CEN TC 74 for calculation of bolted flanged joints deals at great length with a small and marginal field of seal and gasket engineering.

In the field of material science slow crack growth has been the focus of much interest and investigations.

Global Renewables Ltd (GRL) has integrated several world class technologies to develop the Urban Resource – Reduction, Recovery and Recycling (UR-3R) Facility. It enables municipal solid waste (collected household and green waste) and commercial waste to be used as a renewable urban resource.

The municipality of Hankasalmi is located in the province of Central Finland. In its solid waste management, it acts in accordance with EU and Finnish law. Instituting its own solutions for a predominantly rural area, Hankasalmi has created a well-functioning and cost-effective system.

Presentation of the results of the heavy metal analyses.

Municipal wastewater (sewage) sludge consists mainly of microorganisms surrounded by large macromolecules, such as high molecular weight polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, complexing together to form extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).

An inhibitory effect of sludge filtrate on iron oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ANYL-1 was disclosed in our preliminary study.